I don't think Contabo will block incoming port 25 to their servers. They may block outgoing mail from their servers on port 25. But nothing really to gain by blocking incoming port 25. But I suppose it's possible.
Are you just testing this with your gmail address? You're trying to send an email from your Gmail account to the noreply address on your server?
Are you sure the domain name is resolving to your server?
Are you sure the MX records for that domain name are pointing to your server?
Have you tried sending from another source to the noreply address on your server?
Ideally, if you have a second server, you'd test sending from that server. While it may sound stupid to say "are you sure Gmail is sending out the message?" the fact is, nobody really knows - except for Gmail. What errors or issues is Gmail having in reaching your server? You'll never find out from a "too big to fail" company like Gmail.
Testing from another server where you can actually see the message going out, that's going to provide a wealth of diagnostic information.