vps04.dhost.nl has an AAAA (IPv6) record [2a01:7c8:fffa:248::] but a test request to this address over port 80 did not succeed. Your web server must have at least one working IPv4 or IPv6 address. You should either ensure that validation requests to this domain succeed over IPv6, or remove its AAAA record.
Get "http://vps04.dhost.nl/.well-known/acme-challenge/letsdebug-test": dial tcp [2a01:7c8:fffa:248::]:80: connect: no route to host
Trace:
@0ms: Making a request to http://vps04.dhost.nl/.well-known/acme-challenge/letsdebug-test using initial IP 2a01:7c8:fffa:248::
@6ms: Dialing 2a01:7c8:fffa:248::
@3142ms: Experienced error: dial tcp [2a01:7c8:fffa:248::]:80: connect: no route to host
Oh lord... I've realised what the mistake was. Yes, I've filled in an IPv6 address in the DNS zone... but that's a range, not an IP ADDRESS. Gosh darn. It works fine now after adjusting :: to ::1. Your smileys gave it away. Thanks to the 3 of you to pinpoint this. I feel like it was so obvious all along. Thank you all for coming along and giving your views on this.